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diff --git a/content/containerd-to-firecracker.md b/content/containerd-to-firecracker.md new file mode 100644 index 0000000..df26cba --- /dev/null +++ b/content/containerd-to-firecracker.md @@ -0,0 +1,679 @@ ++++ +title = "containerd to firecracker" +date = 2021-05-15 +[taxonomies] +tags = ["containers"] ++++ + +fly.io had an [interesting +article](https://fly.io/blog/docker-without-docker/) about how they use +docker images to create VMs for `firecracker`. + +They describe the process as follow: + +1. Pull a container from a registry +2. Create a loop device to store the container's filesystem on +3. Unpack the container into the mounted loop device +4. Create a second block device and inject init, kernel, configuration + and other stuff +5. Attach persistent volumes (if any) +6. Create a TAP device and configure it +7. Hand it off to Firecracker and boot that thing + +That's pretty detailed, and I'm curious how difficult it is to implement +this. I've been meaning to look into Firecracker for a while and into +containers'd API, so this is a perfect opportunity to get started. The +code is available [here](https://git.fcuny.net/containerd-to-vm/). + +## #1 Pull a container from a registry with `containerd` + +`containerd` has a pretty [detailed +documentation](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/containerd/containerd). +From the main page we can see the following example to create a client. + +```go +import ( + "github.com/containerd/containerd" + "github.com/containerd/containerd/cio" +) + + +func main() { + client, err := containerd.New("/run/containerd/containerd.sock") + defer client.Close() +} +``` + +And pulling an image is also pretty straightforward: + +```go +image, err := client.Pull(context, "docker.io/library/redis:latest") +``` + +The `Pull` method returns an +[`Image`](https://pkg.go.dev/github.com/containerd/containerd@v1.4.4/images#Image) +and there's a few methods associated with it. + +As `containerd` has namespaces, it's possible to specify the namespace +we want to use when working with the API: + +```go +ctx := namespaces.WithNamespace(context.Background(), "c2vm") +image, err := client.Pull(ctx, "docker.io/library/redis:latest") +``` + +The image will now be stored in the `c2vm` namespace. We can verify this +with: + +```bash +; sudo ctr -n c2vm images ls -q +docker.io/library/redis:latest +``` + +## #2 Create a loop device to store the container's filesystem on + +This is going to be pretty straightforward. To create a loop device we +need to: + +1. pre-allocate space to a file +2. convert that file to some format +3. mount it to some destination + +There's two commons ways to pre-allocate space to a file: `dd` and +`fallocate` (there's likely way more ways to do this). I'll go with +`fallocate` for this example. + +First, to be safe, we create a temporary file, and use `renameio` to +handle the renaming (I recommend reading the doc of the module). + +```go +f, err := renameio.TempFile("", rawFile) +if err != nil { + return err +} +defer f.Cleanup() +``` + +Now to do the pre-allocation (we're making an assumption here that 2GB +is enough, we can likely check what's the size of the container before +doing this): + +```go +command := exec.Command("fallocate", "-l", "2G", f.Name()) +if err := command.Run(); err != nil { + return fmt.Errorf("fallocate error: %s", err) +} +``` + +We can now convert that file to ext4: + +```go +command = exec.Command("mkfs.ext4", "-F", f.Name()) +if err := command.Run(); err != nil { + return fmt.Errorf("mkfs.ext4 error: %s", err) +} +``` + +Now we can rename safely the temporary file to the proper file we want: + +```go +f.CloseAtomicallyReplace() +``` + +And to mount that file + +```go +command = exec.Command("mount", "-o", "loop", rawFile, mntDir) +if err := command.Run(); err != nil { + return fmt.Errorf("mount error: %s", err) +} +``` + +## #3 Unpack the container into the mounted loop device + +Extracting the container using `containerd` is pretty simple. Here's the +function that I use: + +```go +func extract(ctx context.Context, client *containerd.Client, image containerd.Image, mntDir string) error { + manifest, err := images.Manifest(ctx, client.ContentStore(), image.Target(), platform) + if err != nil { + log.Fatalf("failed to get the manifest: %v\n", err) + } + + for _, desc := range manifest.Layers { + log.Printf("extracting layer %s\n", desc.Digest.String()) + layer, err := client.ContentStore().ReaderAt(ctx, desc) + if err != nil { + return err + } + if err := archive.Untar(content.NewReader(layer), mntDir, &archive.TarOptions{NoLchown: true}); err != nil { + return err + } + } + + return nil +} +``` + +Calling `images.Manifest` returns the +[manifest](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/master/manifest.md) +from the image. What we care here are the list of layers. Here I'm +making a number of assumptions regarding their type (we should be +checking the media type first). We read the layers and extract them to +the mounted path. + +## #4 Create a second block device and inject other stuff + +Here I'm going to deviate a bit. I will not create a second loop device, +and I will not inject a kernel. In their article, they provided a link +to a snapshot of their `init` process +(<https://github.com/superfly/init-snapshot>). In order to keep this +simple, our init is going to be a shell script composed of the content +of the entry point of the container. We're also going to add a few extra +files to container (`/etc/hosts` and `/etc/resolv.conf`). + +Finally, since we've pre-allocated 2GB for that container, and we likely +don't need that much, we're also going to resize the image. + +### Add init + +Let's refer to the [specification for the +config](https://github.com/opencontainers/image-spec/blob/master/config.md). +The elements that are of interest to me are: + +- `Env`, which is array of strings. They contain the environment + variables that likely we need to run the program +- `Cmd`, which is also an array of strings. If there's no entry point + provided, this is what is used. + +At this point, for this experiment, I'm going to ignore exposed ports, +working directory, and the user. + +First we need to read the config from the container. This is easily +done: + +```go +config, err := images.Config(ctx, client.ContentStore(), image.Target(), platform) +if err != nil { + return err +} +``` + +This needs to be read and decoded: + +```go +configBlob, err := content.ReadBlob(ctx, client.ContentStore(), config) +var imageSpec ocispec.Image +json.Unmarshal(configBlob, &imageSpec) +``` + +`init` is the first process started by Linux during boot. On a regular +Linux desktop you likely have a symbolic link from `/usr/bin/init` to +`/usr/lib/systemd/systemd`, since most distributions have switched to +`systemd`. For my use case however, I want to run a single process, and +I want it to be the one from the container. For this we can create a +simple shell script inside the container (the location does not matter +for now) with the environment variables and the command. + +Naively, this can be done like this: + +```go +initPath := filepath.Join(mntDir, "init.sh") +f, err := renameio.TempFile("", initPath) +if err != nil { + return err +} +defer f.Cleanup() + +writer := bufio.NewWriter(f) +fmt.Fprintf(writer, "#!/bin/sh\n") +for _, env := range initEnvs { + fmt.Fprintf(writer, "export %s\n", env) +} +fmt.Fprintf(writer, "%s\n", initCmd) +writer.Flush() + +f.CloseAtomicallyReplace() + +mode := int(0755) +os.Chmod(initPath, os.FileMode(mode)) +``` + +We're once again creating a temporary file with `renamio`, and we're +writing our shell scripts, one line at a time. We only need to make sure +this executable. + +### extra files + +Once we have our init file, I also want to add a few extra files: +`/etc/hosts` and `/etc/resolv.conf`. This files are not always present, +since they can be injected by other systems. I also want to make sure +that DNS resolutions are done using my own DNS server. + +### resize the image + +We've pre-allocated 2GB for the image, and it's likely we don't need as +much space. We can do this by running `e2fsck` and `resize2fs` once +we're done manipulating the image. + +Within a function, we can do the following: + +```go +command := exec.Command("/usr/bin/e2fsck", "-p", "-f", rawFile) +if err := command.Run(); err != nil { + return fmt.Errorf("e2fsck error: %s", err) +} + +command = exec.Command("resize2fs", "-M", rawFile) +if err := command.Run(); err != nil { + return fmt.Errorf("resize2fs error: %s", err) +} +``` + +I'm using `docker.io/library/redis:latest` for my test, and I end up +with the following size for the image: + +```bash +-rw------- 1 root root 216M Apr 22 14:50 /tmp/fcuny.img +``` + +### Kernel + +We're going to need a kernel to run that VM. In my case I've decided to +go with version 5.8, and build a custom kernel. If you are not familiar +with the process, the firecracker team has [documented how to do +this](https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/firecracker/blob/main/docs/rootfs-and-kernel-setup.md#creating-a-kernel-image). +In my case all I had to do was: + +```bash +git clone https://github.com/torvalds/linux.git linux.git +cd linux.git +git checkout v5.8 +curl -o .config -s https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/firecracker/blob/main/resources/microvm-kernel-x86_64.config +make menuconfig +make vmlinux -j8 +``` + +Note that they also have a pretty [good documentation for +production](https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/firecracker/blob/main/docs/prod-host-setup.md). + +## #5 Attach persistent volumes (if any) + +I'm going to skip that step for now. + +## #6 Create a TAP device and configure it + +We're going to need a network for that VM (otherwise it might be a bit +boring). There's a few solutions that we can take: + +1. create the TAP device +2. delegate all that work to a + [CNI](https://github.com/containernetworking/cni) + +I've decided to use the CNI approach [documented in the Go's +SDK](https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/firecracker-go-sdk#cni). For +this to work we need to install the `tc-redirect-tap` CNI plugin +(available at <https://github.com/awslabs/tc-redirect-tap>). + +Based on that documentation, I'll start with the following configuration +in `etc/cni/conf.d/50-c2vm.conflist`: + +```json +{ + "name": "c2vm", + "cniVersion": "0.4.0", + "plugins": [ + { + "type": "bridge", + "bridge": "c2vm-br", + "isDefaultGateway": true, + "forceAddress": false, + "ipMasq": true, + "hairpinMode": true, + "mtu": 1500, + "ipam": { + "type": "host-local", + "subnet": "192.168.128.0/24", + "resolvConf": "/etc/resolv.conf" + } + }, + { + "type": "firewall" + }, + { + "type": "tc-redirect-tap" + } + ] +} +``` + +## #7 Hand it off to Firecracker and boot that thing + +Now that we have all the components, we need to boot that VM. Since I've +been working with Go so far, I'll also use the [Go +SDK](https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/firecracker-go-sdk) to +manage and start the VM. + +For this we need the firecracker binary, which we can [find on +GitHub](https://github.com/firecracker-microvm/firecracker/releases). + +The first thing is to configure the list of devices. In our case we will +have a single device, the boot drive that we've created in the previous +step. + +```go +devices := make([]models.Drive, 1) +devices[0] = models.Drive{ + DriveID: firecracker.String("1"), + PathOnHost: &rawImage, + IsRootDevice: firecracker.Bool(true), + IsReadOnly: firecracker.Bool(false), +} +``` + +The next step is to configure the VM: + +```go +fcCfg := firecracker.Config{ + LogLevel: "debug", + SocketPath: firecrackerSock, + KernelImagePath: linuxKernel, + KernelArgs: "console=ttyS0 reboot=k panic=1 acpi=off pci=off i8042.noaux i8042.nomux i8042.nopnp i8042.dumbkbd init=/init.sh random.trust_cpu=on", + Drives: devices, + MachineCfg: models.MachineConfiguration{ + VcpuCount: firecracker.Int64(1), + CPUTemplate: models.CPUTemplate("C3"), + HtEnabled: firecracker.Bool(true), + MemSizeMib: firecracker.Int64(512), + }, + NetworkInterfaces: []firecracker.NetworkInterface{ + { + CNIConfiguration: &firecracker.CNIConfiguration{ + NetworkName: "c2vm", + IfName: "eth0", + }, + }, + }, +} +``` + +Finally we can create the command to start and run the VM: + +```go +command := firecracker.VMCommandBuilder{}. + WithBin(firecrackerBinary). + WithSocketPath(fcCfg.SocketPath). + WithStdin(os.Stdin). + WithStdout(os.Stdout). + WithStderr(os.Stderr). + Build(ctx) +machineOpts = append(machineOpts, firecracker.WithProcessRunner(command)) +m, err := firecracker.NewMachine(vmmCtx, fcCfg, machineOpts...) +if err != nil { + panic(err) +} + +if err := m.Start(vmmCtx); err != nil { + panic(err) +} +defer m.StopVMM() + +if err := m.Wait(vmmCtx); err != nil { + panic(err) +} +``` + +The end result: + + ; sudo ./c2vm -container docker.io/library/redis:latest -firecracker-binary ./hack/firecracker/firecracker-v0.24.3-x86_64 -linux-kernel ./hack/linux/my-linux.bin -out /tmp/redis.img + 2021/05/15 14:12:59 pulled docker.io/library/redis:latest (38690247 bytes) + 2021/05/15 14:13:00 mounted /tmp/redis.img on /tmp/c2vm026771514 + 2021/05/15 14:13:00 extracting layer sha256:69692152171afee1fd341febc390747cfca2ff302f2881d8b394e786af605696 + 2021/05/15 14:13:00 extracting layer sha256:a4a46f2fd7e06fab84b4e78eb2d1b6d007351017f9b18dbeeef1a9e7cf194e00 + 2021/05/15 14:13:00 extracting layer sha256:bcdf6fddc3bdaab696860eb0f4846895c53a3192c9d7bf8d2275770ea8073532 + 2021/05/15 14:13:01 extracting layer sha256:b7e9b50900cc06838c44e0fc5cbebe5c0b3e7f70c02f32dd754e1aa6326ed566 + 2021/05/15 14:13:01 extracting layer sha256:5f3030c50d85a9d2f70adb610b19b63290c6227c825639b227ddc586f86d1c76 + 2021/05/15 14:13:01 extracting layer sha256:63dae8e0776cdbd63909fbd9c047c1615a01cb21b73efa87ae2feed680d3ffa1 + 2021/05/15 14:13:01 init script created + 2021/05/15 14:13:01 umount /tmp/c2vm026771514 + INFO[0003] Called startVMM(), setting up a VMM on firecracker.sock + INFO[0003] VMM logging disabled. + INFO[0003] VMM metrics disabled. + INFO[0003] refreshMachineConfiguration: [GET /machine-config][200] getMachineConfigurationOK &{CPUTemplate:C3 HtEnabled:0xc0004e6753 MemSizeMib:0xc0004e6748 VcpuCount:0xc0004e6740} + INFO[0003] PutGuestBootSource: [PUT /boot-source][204] putGuestBootSourceNoContent + INFO[0003] Attaching drive /tmp/redis.img, slot 1, root true. + INFO[0003] Attached drive /tmp/redis.img: [PUT /drives/{drive_id}][204] putGuestDriveByIdNoContent + INFO[0003] Attaching NIC tap0 (hwaddr 9e:72:c7:04:6b:80) at index 1 + INFO[0003] startInstance successful: [PUT /actions][204] createSyncActionNoContent + [ 0.000000] Linux version 5.8.0 (fcuny@nas) (gcc (Debian 8.3.0-6) 8.3.0, GNU ld (GNU Binutils for Debian) 2.31.1) #1 SMP Mon Apr 12 20:07:40 PDT 2021 + [ 0.000000] Command line: i8042.dumbkbd ip=192.168.128.9::192.168.128.1:255.255.255.0:::off::: console=ttyS0 reboot=k panic=1 acpi=off pci=off i8042.noaux i8042.nomux i8042.nopnp init=/init.sh random.trust_cpu=on root=/dev/vda rw virtio_mmio.device=4K@0xd0000000:5 virtio_mmio.device=4K@0xd0001000:6 + [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x001: 'x87 floating point registers' + [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x002: 'SSE registers' + [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Supporting XSAVE feature 0x004: 'AVX registers' + [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: xstate_offset[2]: 576, xstate_sizes[2]: 256 + [ 0.000000] x86/fpu: Enabled xstate features 0x7, context size is 832 bytes, using 'standard' format. + [ 0.000000] BIOS-provided physical RAM map: + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000000009fbff] usable + [ 0.000000] BIOS-e820: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000001fffffff] usable + [ 0.000000] NX (Execute Disable) protection: active + [ 0.000000] DMI not present or invalid. + [ 0.000000] Hypervisor detected: KVM + [ 0.000000] kvm-clock: Using msrs 4b564d01 and 4b564d00 + [ 0.000000] kvm-clock: cpu 0, msr 2401001, primary cpu clock + [ 0.000000] kvm-clock: using sched offset of 11918596 cycles + [ 0.000005] clocksource: kvm-clock: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1cd42e4dffb, max_idle_ns: 881590591483 ns + [ 0.000011] tsc: Detected 1190.400 MHz processor + [ 0.000108] last_pfn = 0x20000 max_arch_pfn = 0x400000000 + [ 0.000151] Disabled + [ 0.000156] x86/PAT: MTRRs disabled, skipping PAT initialization too. + [ 0.000166] CPU MTRRs all blank - virtualized system. + [ 0.000170] x86/PAT: Configuration [0-7]: WB WT UC- UC WB WT UC- UC + [ 0.000201] found SMP MP-table at [mem 0x0009fc00-0x0009fc0f] + [ 0.000257] check: Scanning 1 areas for low memory corruption + [ 0.000364] No NUMA configuration found + [ 0.000365] Faking a node at [mem 0x0000000000000000-0x000000001fffffff] + [ 0.000370] NODE_DATA(0) allocated [mem 0x1ffde000-0x1fffffff] + [ 0.000490] Zone ranges: + [ 0.000493] DMA [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x0000000000ffffff] + [ 0.000494] DMA32 [mem 0x0000000001000000-0x000000001fffffff] + [ 0.000495] Normal empty + [ 0.000497] Movable zone start for each node + [ 0.000500] Early memory node ranges + [ 0.000501] node 0: [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000000009efff] + [ 0.000502] node 0: [mem 0x0000000000100000-0x000000001fffffff] + [ 0.000510] Zeroed struct page in unavailable ranges: 98 pages + [ 0.000511] Initmem setup node 0 [mem 0x0000000000001000-0x000000001fffffff] + [ 0.004990] Intel MultiProcessor Specification v1.4 + [ 0.004995] MPTABLE: OEM ID: FC + [ 0.004995] MPTABLE: Product ID: 000000000000 + [ 0.004996] MPTABLE: APIC at: 0xFEE00000 + [ 0.005007] Processor #0 (Bootup-CPU) + [ 0.005039] IOAPIC[0]: apic_id 2, version 17, address 0xfec00000, GSI 0-23 + [ 0.005041] Processors: 1 + [ 0.005042] TSC deadline timer available + [ 0.005044] smpboot: Allowing 1 CPUs, 0 hotplug CPUs + [ 0.005060] KVM setup pv remote TLB flush + [ 0.005072] KVM setup pv sched yield + [ 0.005078] PM: hibernation: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x00000000-0x00000fff] + [ 0.005079] PM: hibernation: Registered nosave memory: [mem 0x0009f000-0x000fffff] + [ 0.005081] [mem 0x20000000-0xffffffff] available for PCI devices + [ 0.005082] Booting paravirtualized kernel on KVM + [ 0.005084] clocksource: refined-jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645519600211568 ns + [ 0.005087] setup_percpu: NR_CPUS:128 nr_cpumask_bits:128 nr_cpu_ids:1 nr_node_ids:1 + [ 0.006381] percpu: Embedded 44 pages/cpu s143360 r8192 d28672 u2097152 + [ 0.006404] KVM setup async PF for cpu 0 + [ 0.006410] kvm-stealtime: cpu 0, msr 1f422080 + [ 0.006420] Built 1 zonelists, mobility grouping on. Total pages: 128905 + [ 0.006420] Policy zone: DMA32 + [ 0.006422] Kernel command line: i8042.dumbkbd ip=192.168.128.9::192.168.128.1:255.255.255.0:::off::: console=ttyS0 reboot=k panic=1 acpi=off pci=off i8042.noaux i8042.nomux i8042.nopnp init=/init.sh random.trust_cpu=on root=/dev/vda rw virtio_mmio.device=4K@0xd0000000:5 virtio_mmio.device=4K@0xd0001000:6 + [ 0.006858] Dentry cache hash table entries: 65536 (order: 7, 524288 bytes, linear) + [ 0.007003] Inode-cache hash table entries: 32768 (order: 6, 262144 bytes, linear) + [ 0.007047] mem auto-init: stack:off, heap alloc:off, heap free:off + [ 0.007947] Memory: 491940K/523896K available (10243K kernel code, 629K rwdata, 1860K rodata, 1408K init, 6048K bss, 31956K reserved, 0K cma-reserved) + [ 0.007980] random: get_random_u64 called from __kmem_cache_create+0x3d/0x540 with crng_init=0 + [ 0.008053] SLUB: HWalign=64, Order=0-3, MinObjects=0, CPUs=1, Nodes=1 + [ 0.008146] rcu: Hierarchical RCU implementation. + [ 0.008147] rcu: RCU restricting CPUs from NR_CPUS=128 to nr_cpu_ids=1. + [ 0.008151] rcu: RCU calculated value of scheduler-enlistment delay is 25 jiffies. + [ 0.008152] rcu: Adjusting geometry for rcu_fanout_leaf=16, nr_cpu_ids=1 + [ 0.008170] NR_IRQS: 4352, nr_irqs: 48, preallocated irqs: 16 + [ 0.008373] random: crng done (trusting CPU's manufacturer) + [ 0.008430] Console: colour dummy device 80x25 + [ 0.052276] printk: console [ttyS0] enabled + [ 0.052685] APIC: Switch to symmetric I/O mode setup + [ 0.053288] x2apic enabled + [ 0.053705] Switched APIC routing to physical x2apic. + [ 0.054213] KVM setup pv IPIs + [ 0.055559] clocksource: tsc-early: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1128af0325d, max_idle_ns: 440795261011 ns + [ 0.056516] Calibrating delay loop (skipped) preset value.. 2380.80 BogoMIPS (lpj=4761600) + [ 0.057259] pid_max: default: 32768 minimum: 301 + [ 0.057726] LSM: Security Framework initializing + [ 0.058176] SELinux: Initializing. + [ 0.058556] Mount-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear) + [ 0.059221] Mountpoint-cache hash table entries: 1024 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear) + [ 0.060382] x86/cpu: User Mode Instruction Prevention (UMIP) activated + [ 0.060510] Last level iTLB entries: 4KB 0, 2MB 0, 4MB 0 + [ 0.060510] Last level dTLB entries: 4KB 0, 2MB 0, 4MB 0, 1GB 0 + [ 0.060510] Spectre V1 : Mitigation: usercopy/swapgs barriers and __user pointer sanitization + [ 0.060510] Spectre V2 : Mitigation: Enhanced IBRS + [ 0.060510] Spectre V2 : Spectre v2 / SpectreRSB mitigation: Filling RSB on context switch + [ 0.060510] Spectre V2 : mitigation: Enabling conditional Indirect Branch Prediction Barrier + [ 0.060510] Speculative Store Bypass: Mitigation: Speculative Store Bypass disabled via prctl and seccomp + [ 0.060510] Freeing SMP alternatives memory: 32K + [ 0.060510] smpboot: CPU0: Intel(R) Xeon(R) Processor @ 1.20GHz (family: 0x6, model: 0x3e, stepping: 0x4) + [ 0.060510] Performance Events: unsupported p6 CPU model 62 no PMU driver, software events only. + [ 0.060510] rcu: Hierarchical SRCU implementation. + [ 0.060510] smp: Bringing up secondary CPUs ... + [ 0.060510] smp: Brought up 1 node, 1 CPU + [ 0.060510] smpboot: Max logical packages: 1 + [ 0.060523] smpboot: Total of 1 processors activated (2380.80 BogoMIPS) + [ 0.061338] devtmpfs: initialized + [ 0.061710] x86/mm: Memory block size: 128MB + [ 0.062341] clocksource: jiffies: mask: 0xffffffff max_cycles: 0xffffffff, max_idle_ns: 7645041785100000 ns + [ 0.063245] futex hash table entries: 256 (order: 2, 16384 bytes, linear) + [ 0.063946] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'fair_share' + [ 0.063946] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'step_wise' + [ 0.064522] thermal_sys: Registered thermal governor 'user_space' + [ 0.065313] NET: Registered protocol family 16 + [ 0.066398] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL pool for atomic allocations + [ 0.067057] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA pool for atomic allocations + [ 0.067778] DMA: preallocated 128 KiB GFP_KERNEL|GFP_DMA32 pool for atomic allocations + [ 0.068506] audit: initializing netlink subsys (disabled) + [ 0.068708] cpuidle: using governor ladder + [ 0.069097] cpuidle: using governor menu + [ 0.070636] audit: type=2000 audit(1621113181.800:1): state=initialized audit_enabled=0 res=1 + [ 0.076346] HugeTLB registered 2.00 MiB page size, pre-allocated 0 pages + [ 0.077007] ACPI: Interpreter disabled. + [ 0.077445] SCSI subsystem initialized + [ 0.077812] pps_core: LinuxPPS API ver. 1 registered + [ 0.078277] pps_core: Software ver. 5.3.6 - Copyright 2005-2007 Rodolfo Giometti <giometti@linux.it> + [ 0.079206] PTP clock support registered + [ 0.079741] NetLabel: Initializing + [ 0.080111] NetLabel: domain hash size = 128 + [ 0.080529] NetLabel: protocols = UNLABELED CIPSOv4 CALIPSO + [ 0.081113] NetLabel: unlabeled traffic allowed by default + [ 0.082072] clocksource: Switched to clocksource kvm-clock + [ 0.082715] VFS: Disk quotas dquot_6.6.0 + [ 0.083123] VFS: Dquot-cache hash table entries: 512 (order 0, 4096 bytes) + [ 0.083855] pnp: PnP ACPI: disabled + [ 0.084510] NET: Registered protocol family 2 + [ 0.084718] tcp_listen_portaddr_hash hash table entries: 256 (order: 0, 4096 bytes, linear) + [ 0.085602] TCP established hash table entries: 4096 (order: 3, 32768 bytes, linear) + [ 0.086365] TCP bind hash table entries: 4096 (order: 4, 65536 bytes, linear) + [ 0.087025] TCP: Hash tables configured (established 4096 bind 4096) + [ 0.087749] UDP hash table entries: 256 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear) + [ 0.088481] UDP-Lite hash table entries: 256 (order: 1, 8192 bytes, linear) + [ 0.089261] NET: Registered protocol family 1 + [ 0.090395] virtio-mmio: Registering device virtio-mmio.0 at 0xd0000000-0xd0000fff, IRQ 5. + [ 0.091388] virtio-mmio: Registering device virtio-mmio.1 at 0xd0001000-0xd0001fff, IRQ 6. + [ 0.092222] clocksource: tsc: mask: 0xffffffffffffffff max_cycles: 0x1128af0325d, max_idle_ns: 440795261011 ns + [ 0.093322] clocksource: Switched to clocksource tsc + [ 0.093824] platform rtc_cmos: registered platform RTC device (no PNP device found) + [ 0.094618] check: Scanning for low memory corruption every 60 seconds + [ 0.095394] Initialise system trusted keyrings + [ 0.095836] Key type blacklist registered + [ 0.096427] workingset: timestamp_bits=36 max_order=17 bucket_order=0 + [ 0.097849] squashfs: version 4.0 (2009/01/31) Phillip Lougher + [ 0.107488] Key type asymmetric registered + [ 0.107905] Asymmetric key parser 'x509' registered + [ 0.108409] Block layer SCSI generic (bsg) driver version 0.4 loaded (major 252) + [ 0.109435] Serial: 8250/16550 driver, 1 ports, IRQ sharing disabled + [ 0.110116] serial8250: ttyS0 at I/O 0x3f8 (irq = 4, base_baud = 115200) is a 16550A + [ 0.111877] loop: module loaded + [ 0.112426] virtio_blk virtio0: [vda] 441152 512-byte logical blocks (226 MB/215 MiB) + [ 0.113229] vda: detected capacity change from 0 to 225869824 + [ 0.114143] Loading iSCSI transport class v2.0-870. + [ 0.114753] iscsi: registered transport (tcp) + [ 0.115162] tun: Universal TUN/TAP device driver, 1.6 + [ 0.115955] i8042: PNP detection disabled + [ 0.116498] serio: i8042 KBD port at 0x60,0x64 irq 1 + [ 0.117089] input: AT Raw Set 2 keyboard as /devices/platform/i8042/serio0/input/input0 + [ 0.117932] intel_pstate: CPU model not supported + [ 0.118448] hid: raw HID events driver (C) Jiri Kosina + [ 0.119090] Initializing XFRM netlink socket + [ 0.119555] NET: Registered protocol family 10 + [ 0.120285] Segment Routing with IPv6 + [ 0.120812] NET: Registered protocol family 17 + [ 0.121350] Bridge firewalling registered + [ 0.122026] NET: Registered protocol family 40 + [ 0.122515] IPI shorthand broadcast: enabled + [ 0.122961] sched_clock: Marking stable (72512224, 48198862)->(137683636, -16972550) + [ 0.123796] registered taskstats version 1 + [ 0.124203] Loading compiled-in X.509 certificates + [ 0.125355] Loaded X.509 cert 'Build time autogenerated kernel key: 6203e6adc37b712d3b220a26b38f3d31311d5966' + [ 0.126355] Key type ._fscrypt registered + [ 0.126736] Key type .fscrypt registered + [ 0.127109] Key type fscrypt-provisioning registered + [ 0.127657] Key type encrypted registered + [ 0.144629] IP-Config: Complete: + [ 0.144968] device=eth0, hwaddr=9e:72:c7:04:6b:80, ipaddr=192.168.128.9, mask=255.255.255.0, gw=192.168.128.1 + [ 0.146044] host=192.168.128.9, domain=, nis-domain=(none) + [ 0.146604] bootserver=255.255.255.255, rootserver=255.255.255.255, rootpath= + [ 0.148347] EXT4-fs (vda): mounted filesystem with ordered data mode. Opts: (null) + [ 0.149098] VFS: Mounted root (ext4 filesystem) on device 254:0. + [ 0.149761] devtmpfs: mounted + [ 0.150340] Freeing unused decrypted memory: 2040K + [ 0.151148] Freeing unused kernel image (initmem) memory: 1408K + [ 0.156621] Write protecting the kernel read-only data: 14336k + [ 0.158657] Freeing unused kernel image (text/rodata gap) memory: 2044K + [ 0.159490] Freeing unused kernel image (rodata/data gap) memory: 188K + [ 0.160150] Run /init.sh as init process + 462:C 15 May 2021 21:13:01.903 # oO0OoO0OoO0Oo Redis is starting oO0OoO0OoO0Oo + 462:C 15 May 2021 21:13:01.904 # Redis version=6.2.3, bits=64, commit=00000000, modified=0, pid=462, just started + 462:C 15 May 2021 21:13:01.905 # Warning: no config file specified, using the default config. In order to specify a config file use redis-server /path/to/redis.conf + 462:M 15 May 2021 21:13:01.907 * Increased maximum number of open files to 10032 (it was originally set to 1024). + 462:M 15 May 2021 21:13:01.909 * monotonic clock: POSIX clock_gettime + _._ + _.-``__ ''-._ + _.-`` `. `_. ''-._ Redis 6.2.3 (00000000/0) 64 bit + .-`` .-```. ```\/ _.,_ ''-._ + ( ' , .-` | `, ) Running in standalone mode + |`-._`-...-` __...-.``-._|'` _.-'| Port: 6379 + | `-._ `._ / _.-' | PID: 462 + `-._ `-._ `-./ _.-' _.-' + |`-._`-._ `-.__.-' _.-'_.-'| + | `-._`-._ _.-'_.-' | https://redis.io + `-._ `-._`-.__.-'_.-' _.-' + |`-._`-._ `-.__.-' _.-'_.-'| + | `-._`-._ _.-'_.-' | + `-._ `-._`-.__.-'_.-' _.-' + `-._ `-.__.-' _.-' + `-._ _.-' + `-.__.-' + + 462:M 15 May 2021 21:13:01.922 # Server initialized + 462:M 15 May 2021 21:13:01.923 * Ready to accept connections + +We can do a quick test with the following: + +```bash +; sudo docker run -it --rm redis redis-cli -h 192.168.128.9 +192.168.128.9:6379> get foo +(nil) +192.168.128.9:6379> set foo 1 +OK +192.168.128.9:6379> get foo +"1" +192.168.128.9:6379> +``` |