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-+++
-title = "Working with Go"
-date = 2021-08-05
-[taxonomies]
-tags = ["go"]
-+++
-
-_This document assumes go version \>= 1.16_.
-
-## Go Modules
-
-[Go modules](https://blog.golang.org/using-go-modules) have been added
-in 2019 with Go 1.11. A number of changes were introduced with [Go
-1.16](https://blog.golang.org/go116-module-changes). This document is a
-reference for me so that I can find answers to things I keep forgetting.
-
-### Creating a new module
-
-To create a new module, run `go mod init golang.fcuny.net/m`. This will
-create two files: `go.mod` and `go.sum`.
-
-In the `go.mod` file you'll find:
-
-- the module import path (prefixed with `module`)
-- the list of dependencies (within `require`)
-- the version of go to use for the module
-
-### Versioning
-
-To bump the version of a module:
-
-```bash
-$ git tag v1.2.3
-$ git push --tags
-```
-
-Then as a user:
-
-```bash
-$ go get -d golang.fcuny.net/m@v1.2.3
-```
-
-### Updating dependencies
-
-To update the dependencies, run `go mod tidy`
-
-### Editing a module
-
-If you need to modify a module, you can check out the module in your
-workspace (`git clone <module URL>`).
-
-Edit the `go.mod` file to add
-
-```go
-replace <module URL> => <path of the local checkout>
-```
-
-Then modify the code of the module and the next time you compile the
-project, the cloned module will be used.
-
-This is particularly useful when trying to debug an issue with an
-external module.
-
-### Vendor-ing modules
-
-It's still possible to vendor modules by running `go mod vendor`. This
-can be useful in the case of a CI setup that does not have access to
-internet.
-
-### Proxy
-
-As of version 1.13, the variable `GOPROXY` defaults to
-`https://proxy.golang.org,direct` (see
-[here](https://github.com/golang/go/blob/c95464f0ea3f87232b1f3937d1b37da6f335f336/src/cmd/go/internal/cfg/cfg.go#L269)).
-As a result, when running something like
-`go get golang.org/x/tools/gopls@latest`, the request goes through the
-proxy.
-
-There's a number of ways to control the behavior, they are documented
-[here](https://golang.org/ref/mod#private-modules).
-
-There's a few interesting things that can be done when using the proxy.
-There's a few special URLs (better documentation
-[here](https://golang.org/ref/mod#goproxy-protocol)):
-
-| path                  | description                                                                              |
-| --------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
-| $mod/@v/list          | Returns the list of known versions - there's one version per line and it's in plain text |
-| $mod/@v/$version.info | Returns metadata about a version in JSON format                                          |
-| $mod/@v/$version.mod  | Returns the `go.mod` file for that version                                               |
-
-For example, looking at the most recent versions for `gopls`:
-
-```bash
-; curl -s -L https://proxy.golang.org/golang.org/x/tools/gopls/@v/list|sort -r|head
-v0.7.1-pre.2
-v0.7.1-pre.1
-v0.7.1
-v0.7.0-pre.3
-v0.7.0-pre.2
-v0.7.0-pre.1
-v0.7.0
-v0.6.9-pre.1
-v0.6.9
-v0.6.8-pre.1
-```
-
-Let's check the details for the most recent version
-
-```bash
-; curl -s -L https://proxy.golang.org/golang.org/x/tools/gopls/@v/list|sort -r|head
-v0.7.1-pre.2
-v0.7.1-pre.1
-v0.7.1
-v0.7.0-pre.3
-v0.7.0-pre.2
-v0.7.0-pre.1
-v0.7.0
-v0.6.9-pre.1
-v0.6.9
-v0.6.8-pre.1
-```
-
-And let's look at the content of the `go.mod` for that version too:
-
-```bash
-; curl -s -L https://proxy.golang.org/golang.org/x/tools/gopls/@v/v0.7.1-pre.2.mod
-module golang.org/x/tools/gopls
-
-go 1.17
-
-require (
-        github.com/BurntSushi/toml v0.3.1 // indirect
-        github.com/google/go-cmp v0.5.5
-        github.com/google/safehtml v0.0.2 // indirect
-        github.com/jba/templatecheck v0.6.0
-        github.com/sanity-io/litter v1.5.0
-        github.com/sergi/go-diff v1.1.0
-        golang.org/x/mod v0.4.2
-        golang.org/x/sync v0.0.0-20210220032951-036812b2e83c // indirect
-        golang.org/x/sys v0.0.0-20210510120138-977fb7262007
-        golang.org/x/text v0.3.6 // indirect
-        golang.org/x/tools v0.1.6-0.20210802203754-9b21a8868e16
-        golang.org/x/xerrors v0.0.0-20200804184101-5ec99f83aff1 // indirect
-        honnef.co/go/tools v0.2.0
-        mvdan.cc/gofumpt v0.1.1
-        mvdan.cc/xurls/v2 v2.2.0
-)
-```
-
-# Tooling
-
-### LSP
-
-`gopls` is the default implementation of the language server protocol
-maintained by the Go team. To install the latest version, run
-`go install golang.org/x/tools/gopls@latest`
-
-### `staticcheck`
-
-[`staticcheck`](https://staticcheck.io/) is a great tool to run against
-your code to find issues. To install the latest version, run
-`go install honnef.co/go/tools/cmd/staticcheck@latest`.
-
-## Emacs integration
-
-### `go-mode`
-
-[This is the mode](https://github.com/dominikh/go-mode.el) to install to
-get syntax highlighting (mostly).
-
-### Integration with LSP
-
-Emacs has a pretty good integration with LSP, and ["Eglot for better
-programming experience in
-Emacs"](https://whatacold.io/blog/2022-01-22-emacs-eglot-lsp/) is a good
-starting point.
-
-#### eglot
-
-[This is the main mode to install](https://github.com/joaotavora/eglot).
-
-The configuration is straightforward, this is what I use:
-
-```lisp
-;; for go's LSP I want to use staticcheck and placeholders for completion
-(customize-set-variable 'eglot-workspace-configuration
-                        '((:gopls .
-                                  ((staticcheck     . t)
-                                   (matcher         . "CaseSensitive")
-                                   (usePlaceholders . t)))))
-
-;; ensure we load eglot for some specific modes
-(dolist (hook '(go-mode-hook nix-mode-hook))
-  (add-hook hook 'eglot-ensure))
-```
-
-`eglot` integrates well with existing modes for Emacs, mainly xref,
-flymake, eldoc.
-
-## Profiling
-
-### pprof
-
-[pprof](https://github.com/google/pprof) is a tool to visualize
-performance data. Let's start with the following test:
-
-```go
-package main
-
-import (
-    "strings"
-    "testing"
-)
-
-func BenchmarkStringJoin(b *testing.B) {
-    input := []string{"a", "b"}
-    for i := 0; i <= b.N; i++ {
-        r := strings.Join(input, " ")
-        if r != "a b" {
-            b.Errorf("want a b got %s", r)
-        }
-    }
-}
-```
-
-Let's run a benchmark with
-`go test . -bench=. -cpuprofile cpu_profile.out`:
-
-```go
-goos: linux
-goarch: amd64
-pkg: golang.fcuny.net/m
-cpu: Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-1005G1 CPU @ 1.20GHz
-BenchmarkStringJoin-4           41833486                26.85 ns/op            3 B/op          1 allocs/op
-PASS
-ok      golang.fcuny.net/m      1.327s
-```
-
-And let's take a look at the profile with
-`go tool pprof cpu_profile.out`
-
-```bash
-File: m.test
-Type: cpu
-Time: Aug 15, 2021 at 3:01pm (PDT)
-Duration: 1.31s, Total samples = 1.17s (89.61%)
-Entering interactive mode (type "help" for commands, "o" for options)
-(pprof) top
-Showing nodes accounting for 1100ms, 94.02% of 1170ms total
-Showing top 10 nodes out of 41
-      flat  flat%   sum%        cum   cum%
-     240ms 20.51% 20.51%      240ms 20.51%  runtime.memmove
-     220ms 18.80% 39.32%      320ms 27.35%  runtime.mallocgc
-     130ms 11.11% 50.43%      450ms 38.46%  runtime.makeslice
-     110ms  9.40% 59.83%     1150ms 98.29%  golang.fcuny.net/m.BenchmarkStringJoin
-     110ms  9.40% 69.23%      580ms 49.57%  strings.(*Builder).grow (inline)
-     110ms  9.40% 78.63%     1040ms 88.89%  strings.Join
-      70ms  5.98% 84.62%      300ms 25.64%  strings.(*Builder).WriteString
-      50ms  4.27% 88.89%      630ms 53.85%  strings.(*Builder).Grow (inline)
-      40ms  3.42% 92.31%       40ms  3.42%  runtime.nextFreeFast (inline)
-      20ms  1.71% 94.02%       20ms  1.71%  runtime.getMCache (inline)
-```
-
-We can get a breakdown of the data for our module:
-
-```bash
-(pprof) list golang.fcuny.net
-Total: 1.17s
-ROUTINE ======================== golang.fcuny.net/m.BenchmarkStringJoin in /home/fcuny/workspace/gobench/app_test.go
-     110ms      1.15s (flat, cum) 98.29% of Total
-         .          .      5:   "testing"
-         .          .      6:)
-         .          .      7:
-         .          .      8:func BenchmarkStringJoin(b *testing.B) {
-         .          .      9:   b.ReportAllocs()
-      10ms       10ms     10:   input := []string{"a", "b"}
-         .          .     11:   for i := 0; i <= b.N; i++ {
-      20ms      1.06s     12:           r := strings.Join(input, " ")
-      80ms       80ms     13:           if r != "a b" {
-         .          .     14:                   b.Errorf("want a b got %s", r)
-         .          .     15:           }
-         .          .     16:   }
-         .          .     17:}
-```